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Neurology and Neurosurgery

Your guide to Parkinson’s disease

Man on an exam table talking about Parkinson’s disease with a nurse in a neurological office.

07/25/2025

Learn about this progressive movement disorder, including early symptoms, treatments and how to manage Parkinson’s disease.

By Paul Wright, MD, Senior Vice President and System Chair of the Nuvance Health Neuroscience Institute, part of Northwell Health

Whether you’re reading this because of the recent passing of heavy metal legend Ozzy Osbourne or because you’re concerned about changes in your own health or a loved one’s, you’re not alone. More than 1 million people are living with Parkinson’s disease in the U.S. Understanding the signs, risk factors and treatments of this progressive movement disorder can help you feel more prepared and less overwhelmed.

Ozzy Osbourne inspired hope for people living with Parkinson’s disease by giving a final concert with Black Sabbath in front of 45,000 fans in Birmingham England in July 2025 after being diagnosed with the condition six years earlier.

This guide will walk you through Parkinson’s disease — from what it is, causes and risk factors to ways to manage symptoms and cope with it. Keep reading to learn how to recognize early signs and what you can do about them.

Learn more about Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders at the Neuroscience Institute.

What is Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease is a progressive neurological disorder that primarily affects movement. It occurs when nerve cells (neurons) in a part of the brain called the substantia nigra become damaged or die. These neurons normally produce dopamine, a chemical messenger essential for smooth, coordinated muscle movement. When dopamine levels drop, symptoms like tremors, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination begin to appear.

Parkinson’s disease is more than just a movement disorder. As it progresses, it can also affect cognitive abilities, mood and the autonomic nervous system, which controls functions like blood pressure and digestion.

What causes Parkinson’s disease?

The exact cause of Parkinson’s disease is unknown, but researchers believe it is due to a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Some individuals may have inherited mutations in specific genes that increase their risk. However, most cases are considered idiopathic, meaning there is no known specific cause.

Environmental triggers, such as prolonged exposure to pesticides or certain toxins, may play a role in Parkinson’s disease. Studies have shown a higher prevalence of Parkinson’s disease among people who live in rural areas or who have worked with herbicides.

Risk factors for Parkinson’s disease

There are several risk factors for Parkinson’s disease:

Age: Risk increases significantly after age 60.

Gender: Men are more likely to develop Parkinson’s disease than women.

Family history: Having a close relative with Parkinson’s disease increases your risk.

Environmental exposures: Long-term exposure to herbicides, pesticides and certain metals.

Head trauma: A history of repeated head injuries, like concussions, may elevate the risk.

Can you prevent Parkinson’s disease from developing?

There is no guaranteed way to prevent Parkinson’s disease. However, research suggests certain lifestyle habits may help lower your risk or delay the onset:

Regular aerobic exercise: Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic exercise per week, such as brisk walking, cycling or swimming. Exercise boosts blood flow to the brain and promotes the release of protective proteins that support brain cell health.

Eat a diet rich in antioxidants: Antioxidants help reduce oxidative stress, which may contribute to neuron damage. Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts and legumes.

Avoid exposure to environmental toxins: These include pesticides, herbicides, industrial chemicals and heavy metals like lead and manganese. If you live or work in an area with potential exposure, wear protective gear, follow safety protocols and seek medical advice about minimizing risk.

Although prevention isn't guaranteed, these healthy habits contribute to overall brain health and may help reduce risk.

What are the early warning signs of Parkinson’s disease?

Early symptoms can be subtle and may appear years before noticeable movement problems. Watch out for the following potential signs of Parkinson’s disease:

Tremors in hands or fingers while at rest

Slowed movement (bradykinesia), such as dragging your feet or taking longer to perform routine tasks

Rigid muscles, meaning stiffness in the limbs or trunk that doesn’t go away with movement or stretching

Stooped posture or balance problems

Small handwriting (micrographia)

Loss of smell not associated with allergies or respiratory infection like a cold

Soft or slurred speech

Constipation that persists despite dietary changes

Trouble sleeping, including acting out dreams (REM sleep behavior disorder)

It’s important to note: Many of these symptoms can occur for other reasons, such as illness, stress or aging. However, if you notice more than one happening consistently or worsening over time, especially if they occur together, it’s worth consulting with a doctor. Early evaluation can lead to an earlier diagnosis and better treatment planning.

How is Parkinson’s disease diagnosed?

There is no single test for Parkinson’s. Diagnosis is usually based on:

A thorough medical history

Neurological exam

Review of symptoms

Response to Parkinson’s disease medications

A neurologist can provide the most accurate assessment. Some neurologists also have additional training to be movement disorders specialists. Brain imaging tests may be used to rule out other conditions.

What are the treatments for Parkinson’s disease?

While there is no cure for Parkinson’s disease, treatments aim to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. Options include:

Parkinson’s disease medications: The most common is Levodopa, which the body converts into dopamine. It’s often combined with carbidopa to reduce side effects. These are typically taken orally, but other options include extended-release capsules, infusions via a pump (such as Duopa) for advanced Parkinson’s disease. Injections, such as apomorphine, may also be prescribed to manage sudden “off” episodes when symptoms are more pronounced.

Physical therapy (PT) for Parkinson’s disease: Helps improve mobility, strength and balance.

Occupational therapy (OT) for Parkinson’s disease: Focuses on maintaining independence with daily tasks such as dressing, eating and writing.

Speech therapy (ST) for Parkinson’s disease: Addresses voice volume, articulation and swallowing difficulties.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson’s disease: A surgical treatment for people whose symptoms no longer respond well to medications. Electrodes are implanted in specific brain regions and controlled via a small device in the chest.

Lifestyle changes for manage Parkinson’s disease symptoms: Daily exercise, healthy diet, stress management and good sleep hygiene all contribute to better symptom management. Consistency is key because staying physically active and engaged can help slow functional decline.

Are there any natural therapies to manage Parkinson’s disease symptoms?

The following complementary therapies may help ease Parkinson’s disease symptoms and improve well-being:

Tai chi and yoga for balance and flexibility

Massage therapy for muscle stiffness

Music or dance therapy for coordination and mood

Meditation or mindfulness to reduce stress and improve focus

These therapies are most effective when used alongside traditional treatments. Always talk with your doctor before starting any new therapy.

How long can you live with Parkinson’s disease?

Parkinson’s disease itself is not fatal, but complications can impact longevity. With proper management, many people live for decades after diagnosis. The average life expectancy is only slightly reduced.

Common complications that can affect quality of life or lead to serious outcomes include:

Aspiration pneumonia: Difficulty swallowing may lead to food or liquids entering the lungs.

Falls and fractures: Impaired balance and coordination increase fall risk.

Cognitive changes: Dementia can occur in later stages.

Depression and anxiety: Can worsen overall health and reduce motivation for self-care.

Bladder and bowel dysfunction

Preventive strategies include working with specialists, maintaining mobility through therapy, eating a diet that supports digestion and addressing mood symptoms early. Monitoring and adjusting treatment plans over time can help avoid or mitigate complications.

How to cope with Parkinson’s disease

Living with Parkinson’s disease can be emotionally and physically challenging. These tips may help:

Stay active: Regular movement improves mobility and mood.

Build a support system: Connect with family, friends and support groups.

Work with specialists: Neurologists, physical therapists and mental health professionals.

Stay informed: Learning about the disease helps you make empowered decisions.

Focus on mental health: Depression and anxiety are common but treatable.

The bottom line: Parkinson’s disease is a progressive movement disorder that impacts much more than motor control. While there is no cure, early diagnosis and a comprehensive care plan can make a meaningful difference. With consistent medical care, lifestyle adjustments and support, individuals with Parkinson’s can live fulfilling lives for many years.